Tomatondi ndiwo zamasamba zotchuka koma zimagwidwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa matendawa ndikutsata njira zowongolera ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti phwetekere akukula bwino. M'nkhaniyi, tifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane matenda omwe amapezeka pa phwetekere ndi njira zawo zowongolera, ndikufotokozeranso mawu ena okhudzana ndiukadaulo.
Malo a Bakiteriya a Tomato
Tomato Bakiteriya Maloamayamba ndi bakiteriyaXanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoriandipo makamaka zimakhudza masamba ndi zipatso. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, timadontho tating'ono tamadzi timawonekera pamasamba. Matendawa akamakula, mawangawo pang’onopang’ono amasanduka akuda ndipo mawonekedwe achikasu a halo amawazungulira. Zikavuta kwambiri, masamba adzauma ndi kugwa, ndipo mawanga akuda amawonekera pamwamba pa chipatso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso ziwola komanso kuwononga zokolola ndi khalidwe.
Njira yotumizira:
Matendawa amafalitsidwa ndi mvula, madzi amthirira, mphepo ndi tizilombo, komanso ndi zida zoipitsidwa ndi ntchito za anthu. The tizilombo toyambitsa matenda overwinters mu matenda zotsalira ndi nthaka ndi reinfects zomera mu April pamene zinthu zili bwino.
Malo a Bakiteriya a Tomato
Zopangira Zamankhwala Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Ma fungicides okhala ndi mkuwa: mwachitsanzo, copper hydroxide kapena Bordeaux solution, amapopera masiku 7-10 aliwonse. Kukonzekera kwa mkuwa kumathandiza kulepheretsa kubereka ndi kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya.
Streptomycin: Utsi masiku 10 aliwonse, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, Streptomycin imalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa bakiteriya ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa matenda.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria ndi bakiteriya yomwe imayambitsa mawanga a tomato ndi tsabola. Zimafalikira ndi mvula yamvula kapena kupatsirana ndi makina ndipo imalowa m'masamba ndi zipatso za mmera kuchititsa madontho amadzi omwe amasanduka akuda pang'onopang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti masamba aume ndi kugwa.
Kuwola kwa Tomato
Kuwola kwa mizu ya tomatoZimayambitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa, monga Fusarium spp. ndi Pythium spp. ndipo makamaka imayambitsa mizu. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mizu imawonetsa kuvunda kwamadzi, komwe kumasanduka bulauni kapena mtundu wakuda, ndipo pamapeto pake mizu yonse imawola. Zomera zodwala zimawonetsa kukula kwapang'onopang'ono, chikasu ndi kufota kwa masamba, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kufa kwa mbewu.
Njira Zotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti timafalitsidwa kudzera m’nthaka ndi m’madzi amthirira ndipo timakonda kuchulukira m’chinyezi komanso kutentha kwambiri. Dothi ndi magwero amadzi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndiye njira yayikulu yofalitsira, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingafalitsenso ndi zida, mbewu ndi zotsalira za zomera.
Kuwola kwa Tomato
Zosakaniza zopangira mankhwala ndi pulogalamu yochizira:
MetalaxylMetalaxyl imathandiza polimbana ndi zowola za mizu zomwe zimachitika ndi Pythium spp.
Carbendazim: Imagwira ntchito polimbana ndi mafangasi osiyanasiyana, ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza nthaka musanayike kapena kupopera matenda atangoyamba kumene. Fusarium spp.
Fusarium spp.
Fusarium spp. amatanthauza gulu la mafangasi amtundu wa Fusarium omwe amayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana a mbewu, kuphatikiza muzu wa phwetekere ndi zowola tsinde. Amafalikira m'nthaka ndi m'madzi, kuwononga mizu ndi tsinde m'munsi mwa mbewu, zomwe zimachititsa browning ndi kuwola kwa zimakhala, kufota kwa zomera, ndipo ngakhale imfa.
Pythium spp.
Pythium spp. amatanthauza gulu la nkhungu zamadzi mu mtundu wa Pythium, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti nthawi zambiri timakhala m'malo onyowa komanso amadzi ochulukirapo. Amayambitsa kuvunda kwa mizu ya phwetekere komwe kumabweretsa browning ndi kuwola kwa mizu ndi zotsalira kapena zakufa.
Tomato Gray nkhungu
Tomato Gray nkhungu amayamba chifukwa cha bowa Botrytis cinerea, omwe amapezeka makamaka m'malo achinyezi. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mawanga amadzi amawonekera pachipatso, zimayambira ndi masamba, omwe pang'onopang'ono amakutidwa ndi nkhungu yotuwa. Zikavuta kwambiri, zipatso zimawola ndi kugwa, ndipo zimayambira ndi masamba amasanduka bulauni ndi kuwola.
Njira yopatsira:
Bowa amafalitsidwa ndi mphepo, mvula, ndi kukhudzana, ndipo amakonda kuberekana m'malo onyowa komanso ozizira. Bowa amagwera pazinyalala za zomera ndikubwezeretsanso mbewuyo kumapeto kwanyengo ngati kuli bwino.
Tomato gray nkhungu
Zopangira Zamankhwala Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Carbendazim: Utsi masiku 10 aliwonse kwa ma fungicidal action.
Iprodione: sprayed aliyense 7-10 masiku, ndi bwino kulamulira mphamvu pa imvi nkhungu. Iprodione imatha kuwongolera kukula kwa matendawa ndikuchepetsa zowola za zipatso.
Botritis cinerea
Botrytis cinerea ndi bowa lomwe limayambitsa nkhungu yotuwa ndipo limakhudza kwambiri zomera zosiyanasiyana. Imachulukirachulukira m'malo achinyezi, ndikupanga nkhungu yotuwa yomwe imawononga zipatso, maluwa, ndi masamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso ziwola komanso kusokoneza thanzi la mbewu zonse.
Tomato Gray Leaf Spot
Mawanga otuwa a tomato amayamba ndi bowa Stemphylium solani. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mawanga ang'onoang'ono a imvi-bulauni amawonekera pamasamba, m'mphepete mwa mawangawo amawonekera, pang'onopang'ono akukula, pakati pa mawangawo amakhala owuma, ndipo pamapeto pake amatsogolera kutayika kwa masamba. Zikavuta kwambiri, photosynthesis ya zomera imatsekeka, kukula kwake kumakhala kosasunthika, ndipo zokolola zimachepa.
Njira yotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalitsidwa ndi mphepo, mvula komanso kukhudzana ndipo timakonda kuberekana m’malo achinyezi komanso otentha. The tizilombo toyambitsa matenda overwinters mu zomera zinyalala ndi nthaka ndi reinfects zomera mu kasupe pamene zinthu zili bwino.
Tomato Gray Leaf Spot
Zopangira Zamankhwala Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Mancozeb: Utsi pa masiku 7-10 aliwonse pofuna kupewa ndi kuchiza imvi tsamba.
Thiophanate-methyl: Utsi masiku 10 aliwonse, ndi mphamvu bactericidal zotsatira. thiophanate-methyl imakhudza kwambiri tsamba la imvi, imatha kuwongolera kukula kwa matendawa.
Stemphylium solani
Stemphylium solani ndi bowa womwe umayambitsa masamba otuwa pa phwetekere. Bowa limapanga mawanga otuwa pamasamba, okhala ndi m'mphepete mwake mwa mawanga, ndipo amakula pang'onopang'ono kuti masamba agwe, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri photosynthesis ndi kukula bwino kwa mbewu.
Kuwola kwa tsinde la tomato
Kuwola kwa tsinde la phwetekere kumachitika chifukwa cha bowa Fusarium oxysporum, womwe umalowa m'munsi mwa tsinde. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mawanga a bulauni amawonekera m'munsi mwa tsinde, amakula pang'onopang'ono ndikuwola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tsinde likhale lakuda ndi kufota. Zikavuta kwambiri, mbewuyo imafota ndikufa.
Njira yotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalitsidwa kudzera m'nthaka ndi m'madzi amthirira ndipo imakonda kuberekana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri. Dothi ndi magwero amadzi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndiye njira yoyamba yofalitsira, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingafalitsenso ndi mbewu, zida ndi zinyalala za zomera.
Kuwola kwa tsinde la tomato
Zosakaniza zopangira mankhwala ndi pulogalamu yochizira:
Metalaxyl: Utsi pamasiku 7-10 aliwonse, makamaka panthawi ya matenda oopsa.
Carbendazim: Ndiwothandiza polimbana ndi Fusarium oxysporum, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa matendawa.
Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium oxysporum ndi bowa womwe umayambitsa kuvunda kwa tsinde la phwetekere. Zimafalikira munthaka ndi m'madzi ndikuwononga mizu ndi tsinde la mmera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minyewa ikhale yofiirira ndi kuvunda, ndikupangitsa kufota ndi kufa kwa mbewu.
Kuwonongeka kwa tsinde la tomato
Matenda a tsinde la phwetekere amayamba chifukwa cha bowa Didymella lycopersici, makamaka omwe amakhudza tsinde. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, mawanga a bulauni amawonekera pazitsa, zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono ndikupangitsa kuti tsinde ziume. Pazovuta kwambiri, tsinde zimang'ambika ndipo kukula kwa mbewu kumalephereka, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa mbewu.
Njira yotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalira m'nthaka, zinyalala za zomera ndi mphepo ndi mvula, timakonda kuberekana m'malo achinyezi komanso ozizira. The tizilombo toyambitsa matenda overwinters mu matenda zinyalala ndi reinfects zomera mu kasupe pamene zinthu zili bwino.
Kuwonongeka kwa tsinde la tomato
Zopangira Zamankhwala Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Thiophanate-methyl: tsitsani masiku 10 aliwonse kuti muthetse bwino matenda a tsinde. Thiophanate-methyl amalepheretsa kufalikira ndi kuchulukitsa kwa matendawa ndipo amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matendawa.
Carbendazim: Ili ndi bactericidal effect ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumayambiriro kwa matendawa. carbendazim imakhudza kwambiri choipitsa cha tsinde ndipo imatha kuwongolera kukula kwa matendawa.
Didymella lycopersici
Didymella lycopersici ndi bowa womwe umayambitsa chowawa cha tsinde la phwetekere. Zimakhudza kwambiri tsinde, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri timene tiwonekere pamitengoyo ndikuwumitsa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kayendedwe ka madzi ndi michere ya mmera, ndipo pamapeto pake zimayambitsa kufa kwa mbewu.
Tomato mochedwa choipitsa
Tomato mochedwa choipitsa amayamba ndi Phytophthora infestans ndipo nthawi zambiri amafalikira m'malo onyowa, ozizira. Matendawa amayamba ndi mdima wobiriwira, mawanga amadzi pamasamba, omwe amakula mofulumira ndikupangitsa tsamba lonse kufa. Ofanana mawanga kuonekera pa chipatso ndipo pang`onopang`ono kuvunda.
Njira yotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalitsidwa ndi mphepo, mvula komanso kukhudzana, ndipo imakonda kuberekana m’malo achinyezi komanso ozizira. The tizilombo toyambitsa matenda overwinters mu zomera zinyalala ndi reinfects zomera mu kasupe pamene zinthu zili bwino.
Tomato mochedwa choipitsa
Zigawo Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Metalaxyl: Utsi masiku 7-10 aliwonse kuti bwino kupewa choipitsa mochedwa. metalaxyl imalepheretsa kufalikira kwa matendawa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matendawa.
Dimethomorph: Utsi masiku 10 aliwonse kuti athetse choipitsa mochedwa. dimethomorph imatha kuwongolera kukula kwa matendawa ndikuchepetsa kuvunda kwa zipatso.
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timayambitsa tomato ndi mbatata. Ndi nkhungu yamadzi yomwe imakonda nyengo yonyowa komanso yoziziritsa, kuchititsa mawanga obiriwira, amadzi pamasamba ndi zipatso zomwe zimafalikira mwachangu ndikuyambitsa kufa kwa mbewu.
Tomato tsamba la nkhungu
Nkhungu ya masamba a phwetekere imayamba chifukwa cha bowa Cladosporium fulvum ndipo imapezeka makamaka m'malo achinyezi. Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, nkhungu zobiriwira zimawonekera kumbuyo kwa masamba, ndipo kutsogolo kwa masamba kumakhala mawanga achikasu. Pamene matendawa akukula, nkhunguyo imakula pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masambawo asinthe ndi kugwa.
Njira yotumizira:
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalitsidwa ndi mphepo, mvula komanso kukhudzana, ndipo imakonda kuberekana m'malo achinyezi komanso otentha. The tizilombo toyambitsa matenda overwinters mu zomera zinyalala ndi reinfects zomera mu kasupe pamene zinthu zili bwino.
Tomato tsamba la nkhungu
Zopangira Zamankhwala Zovomerezeka ndi Njira Zochizira:
Chlorothalonil: Utsi masiku 7-10 aliwonse kuti athe kuwongolera bwino nkhungu yamasamba Chlorothalonil ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana omwe amalepheretsa kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa matendawa.
Thiophanate-methyl: Utsi masiku 10 aliwonse kuti muwongolere bwino nkhungu yamasamba. thiophanate-methyl imathandizira kuwongolera kukula kwa matendawa ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa masamba.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi ndi zomveka komanso zowongolera, matenda a phwetekere amatha kuwongoleredwa ndikutetezedwa kuti zitsimikizire kukula kwabwino kwa mbewu za phwetekere, zokolola bwino komanso zabwino.
Cladosporium fulvum
Cladosporium fulvum ndi bowa womwe umayambitsa nkhungu ya masamba a phwetekere. Bowa amachulukirachulukira m'nyengo yachinyontho ndipo amawononga masamba, zomwe zimapangitsa nkhungu yobiriwira pansi pa masamba ndi mawanga achikasu kutsogolo kwa masamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masamba awonongeke kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-28-2024
