Mitundu ya fungicides
1.1 Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala
Organic fungicides:Zigawo zazikulu za fungicides izi ndi organic mankhwala okhala ndi mpweya. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake, ma organic fungicides amatha kuthana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.
Chlorothalonil: fungicide yochuluka, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamasamba, zipatso ndi zomera zokongola.
Thiophanate-methyl: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda ntchito mitengo ya zipatso, masamba ndi zina zotero.
Thiophanate-Methyl 70% WP fungicide
Inorganic fungicides:Inorganic fungicides amapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zopanda organic, monga mkuwa, sulfure ndi zina zotero. Ma fungicides awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotsalira.
Bordeaux madzi: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a mitengo ya zipatso, masamba, etc.
Sulfure: fungicide yachikhalidwe, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphesa, masamba, ndi zina.
1.2 Malinga ndi gwero la zopangira za fungicides
Inorganic fungicides:Kuphatikizira kukonzekera kwa mkuwa ndi sulfure, ma fungicides awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndi mabakiteriya.
Copper oxychloride: kuwongolera matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndi mabakiteriya.
Organic sulfure fungicides:Mankhwala ophera fungal amenewa makamaka amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa kutulutsa hydrogen sulfide, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi powdery mildew ndi matenda ena a mafangasi.
Sulfur powder: kulamulira powdery mildew, dzimbiri ndi zina zotero.
Organophosphorus fungicides: +Mankhwala a Organophosphorus amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi kuthana ndi matenda a bakiteriya ndi mafangasi, mosiyanasiyana komanso mogwira mtima kwambiri.
Mancozeb: fungicide yotakata, kuwongolera matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal.
Organic arsenic fungicides:Ngakhale akugwira ntchito, tsopano akuchotsedwa chifukwa cha poizoni wawo wambiri.
Arsenic acid: kawopsedwe wamkulu, tsopano wathetsedwa.
Mankhwala a fungicides a Benzene:Ma fungicides awa ndi osiyanasiyana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, monga downy mildew ndi powdery mildew.
Carbendazim: fungicide yotakata, kuwongolera mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi matenda ena.
Azole fungicides:Azole fungicides amalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka fungal cell membranes kuti aphe mabakiteriya owopsa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwongolera matenda a zipatso ndi masamba.
Tebuconazole: Kuchita bwino kwambiri, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitengo yazipatso, kuwongolera matenda a masamba.
Systemic Fungicide Tebuconazole 25% EC
Mankhwala a Copper fungicides:Kukonzekera kwa mkuwa kumakhala ndi mphamvu ya bactericidal, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa matenda a fungal ndi mabakiteriya.
Copper hydroxide: kuwongolera mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi matenda ena.
Antibiotic fungicides:Maantibayotiki opangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga streptomycin ndi tetracycline, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya.
Streptomycin: kuwongolera matenda a bakiteriya.
Zosakaniza za fungicides:Kuphatikizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fungicides kumatha kusintha fungicidal zotsatira ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa mabakiteriya a pathogenic.
Zineb: fungicide pawiri, kuwongolera matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal.
Mankhwala oteteza mbewu ku Zineb 80% WP
Ma fungicides ena:Kuphatikizirapo mankhwala ena atsopano komanso apadera a fungicides, monga zotulutsa zamasamba ndi ma biological agents.
Mafuta ofunikira a mtengo wa tiyi: zomera zachilengedwe zimachotsa fungicide, antibacterial antibacterial.
1.3 Malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito
Zoteteza: amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kuchitika kwa matenda.
Bordeaux osakaniza: opangidwa ndi mkuwa sulphate ndi laimu, ali yotakata sipekitiramu bactericidal kwenikweni ndipo makamaka ntchito kupewa mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya matenda a mitengo ya zipatso, masamba ndi mbewu zina.
Kuyimitsidwa kwa sulufule: chinthu chachikulu ndi sulfure, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popewa komanso kupewa matenda ambiri a fungal, monga powdery mildew, dzimbiri ndi zina zotero.
Othandizira achire: amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda omwe achitika kale.
Carbendazim (Carbendazim): mankhwala opha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi zoteteza komanso zochizira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa komanso kuwongolera mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi fungus.
Thiophanate-methyl: Ili ndi machitidwe ochiritsira komanso ochiritsira, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda a mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi maluwa.
Zowononga: Ntchito kuthetsa kwathunthu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Formaldehyde: amagwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka, ndikuchotsa mwamphamvu ndikuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza wowonjezera kutentha ndi wowonjezera kutentha.
Chloropicrin: fumigant m'nthaka, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha mabakiteriya owopsa, tizirombo ndi udzu m'nthaka, yoyenera kubzala, malo obiriwira komanso minda.
Systemic agents: Amatengedwa kudzera mumizu kapena masamba kuti azitha kulamulira mbewu zonse.
Tebuconazole: mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda polepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka maselo a fungal cell, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumitengo ya zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi mbewu.
Zoteteza: amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya zomera.
Copper sulphate: yokhala ndi bactericidal ndi antiseptic zotsatira, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popewa komanso kuwongolera matenda a bakiteriya a zomera komanso kupewa kuwola kwamafuta.
1.4 Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a conduction
Fungicide ya system: imatha kuyamwa ndi mmera ndikuyendetsa mbewu yonse, ndikuwongolera bwino.
Pyraclostrobin: mtundu watsopano wa fungicide wochuluka kwambiri wokhala ndi zoteteza komanso zochizira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi zina zotero.
Fungicide ya Pyraclostrobin 25% SC
Non-sorbent fungicide: ingotenga gawo pa tsamba lofunsira, silingasunthe mu mbewu.
Mancozeb: mankhwala oteteza fungicides, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, sangasunthe m'chomera akagwiritsidwa ntchito.
1.5 Malinga ndi ukatswiri wa zochita
Ma fungicides osiyanasiyana (osakhala apadera).: chitanipo kanthu mopitilira pathupi limodzi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mancozeb: imagwira ntchito pamatenda osiyanasiyana a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, imakhala ndi bactericidal yotakata, komanso imateteza matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal.
Mankhwala ophera fungicides a malo amodzi (odziwika).: ingochitapo kanthu pazochitika zinazake za thupi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Tebuconazole: Imagwira pazochitika zinazake za thupi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo imapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa kulepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka fungus cell membrane.
1.6 Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu
Kuteteza fungicides: kuphatikizapo kukhudzana bactericidal zotsatira ndi zotsalira bactericidal zotsatira.
Mancozeb: fungicide yoteteza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal.
Sulfur suspension: wide-spectrum fungicide, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ndi kuletsa powdery mildew ndi dzimbiri.
Systemic fungicides: kuphatikiza ma apical conduction ndi basal conduction.
Pyraclostrobin: fungicide yatsopano yowoneka bwino yokhala ndi zoteteza komanso zochizira.
Propiconazole: systemic fungicide, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popewa komanso kuwongolera matenda a mbewu monga chimanga, mitengo yazipatso ndi mbewu zina.
Organic Fungicide Propiconazole 250g/L EC
1.7 Malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito
Chithandizo cha nthaka:
Formaldehyde: amagwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka, kupha mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda m'nthaka.
Chithandizo cha tsinde ndi masamba:
Carbendazim: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera tsinde ndi masamba kuti athetse matenda osiyanasiyana a mafangasi.
Chithandizo cha mbewu:
Thiophanate-methyl: amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbewu pofuna kupewa majeremusi a mbeu komanso kufalitsa matenda.
1.8 Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala
Inorganic fungicides:
Kusakaniza kwa Bordeaux: chisakanizo cha copper sulfate ndi laimu, fungicide yotakata.
Sulfure: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi powdery mildew, dzimbiri ndi zina zotero.
Organic fungicides:
Carbendazim: fungicide yotakata, kuwongolera matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal.
Tebuconazole: yotakata sipekitiramu zokhudza zonse fungicide, ziletsa synthesis wa fungal cell nembanemba.
Biological fungicides:
Streptomycin: maantibayotiki opangidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya.
Agricultural antibiotics fungicides:
Streptomycin: antibiotic, kulamulira matenda a bakiteriya.
Tetracycline: antibiotic, kulamulira matenda a bakiteriya.
Ma fungicides opangidwa ndi zomera:
Mafuta ofunikira a mtengo wa tiyi: Chomera chachilengedwe chokhala ndi antibacterial effect.
1.9 Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kapangidwe ka mankhwala
Ma fungicides opangidwa ndi carbamate:
Carbendazim: mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana.
Amide fungicides:
Metribuzin: yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa udzu, imakhalanso ndi fungicidal effect.
Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya heterocyclic fungicides:
Pyraclostrobin: mankhwala atsopano ophatikizika amitundumitundu okhala ndi zoteteza komanso zochizira.
Mitundu isanu ya heterocyclic fungicides:
Tebuconazole: yotakata sipekitiramu systemic fungicide, imalepheretsa fungal cell membrane synthesis.
Organophosphorus ndi methoxyacrylate fungicides:
Methomyl: yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo, komanso imakhala ndi fungicidal effect.
Mankhwala a Copper fungicides:
Bordeaux osakaniza: chisakanizo cha mkuwa sulphate ndi laimu, yotakata sipekitiramu yolera yotseketsa.
Inorganic sulfure fungicides:
Sulfure kuyimitsidwa: chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi powdery mildew, dzimbiri, etc.
Organic arsenic fungicides:
Arsenic acid: kawopsedwe wamkulu, tsopano wathetsedwa.
Ma fungicides ena:
Zomera zopangira ndi mankhwala atsopano (monga mafuta ofunikira a mtengo wa tiyi): antibacterial effect, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chitetezo.
Fomu ya fungicide
2.1 Ufa (DP)
Ndi choyambirira mankhwala ndi inert filler kusakaniza mu gawo lina, wosweka ndi sieved ufa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera ufa popanga.
2.2 Ufa wonyowa (WP)
Ndilo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, odzaza ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, molingana ndi kusakaniza kwathunthu ndi kuphwanya, kuti akwaniritse ubwino wina wa ufa. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
2.3 Emulsion (EC)
Amatchedwanso "emulsion". Ndi choyambirira mankhwala malinga ndi gawo lina la organic solvents ndi emulsifiers kusungunuka mandala wochuluka zamadzimadzi. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Emulsion ndi yosavuta kulowa mu epidermis ya tizilombo, kuposa ufa wonyowa.
2.4 Yamadzimadzi (AS)
Mankhwala ena amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi popanda zowonjezera. Monga crystalline lithosulfuric acid, mankhwala ophera tizilombo pawiri, etc..
2.5 Granules (GR)
Amapangidwa ndi adsorbing kuchuluka kwa wothandizila ndi dothi particles, cinder, njerwa slag, mchenga. Nthawi zambiri zodzaza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amaphwanyidwa pamodzi kukhala ufa wina, kuwonjezera madzi ndi wothandizira kuti apange ma granules. Itha kufalitsidwa ndi manja kapena makina.
2.6 Kuyimitsa (kuyimitsidwa kwa gel osakaniza) (SC)
Ntchito yonyowa kopitilira muyeso-yaying'ono-akupera, mankhwala ufa omwazika m'madzi kapena mafuta ndi surfactants, mapangidwe viscous flowable madzi formulations. Kuyimitsidwa wothandizira wothira gawo lililonse la madzi kupasuka, oyenera njira zosiyanasiyana kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mukapopera mankhwala, imatha kupulumutsa 20% ~ 50% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo oyamba chifukwa chakusamva madzi amvula.
2.7 Fumigant (FU)
Kugwiritsa ntchito olimba wothandizila ndi sulfuric acid, madzi ndi zinthu zina kuchita kutulutsa mpweya poizoni, kapena ntchito otsika otentha mfundo madzi wothandizila kosakhazikika mpweya poizoni, fumigation mu chatsekedwa ndi zina enieni mapangidwe kupha tizirombo ndi majeremusi a kukonzekera.
2.8 Aerosol (AE)
Aerosol ndi njira yamadzimadzi kapena olimba ophera tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kapena mphamvu yamakina, madziwo amamwazikana ndikuyimitsidwa kosalekeza kwa madontho ang'onoang'ono mlengalenga, kukhala aerosol.
Njira yothetsera fungicides
3.1 Mphamvu pamapangidwe a cell ndi magwiridwe antchito
Ma fungicides amalepheretsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa mabakiteriya a pathogenic pokhudza mapangidwe a makoma a fungal cell ndi plasma membrane biosynthesis. Ma fungicides ena amapangitsa kuti maselo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda asatetezedwe mwa kuwononga kaphatikizidwe ka khoma la cell, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kufa kwa maselo.
3.2 Chikoka pakupanga mphamvu zama cell
Ma fungicides amatha kusokoneza njira yopangira mphamvu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ma fungicides ena amalepheretsa glycolysis ndi mafuta acid β-oxidation, kotero kuti majeremusi sangathe kutulutsa mphamvu moyenera, zomwe pamapeto pake zimafa.
3.3 Kukhudza kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zama metabolic ndi ntchito zawo
Ma fungicides ena amasokoneza kaphatikizidwe ka fangasi nucleic acid ndi mapuloteni. Njira za kagayidwe kachakudyazi ndizofunikira pakukula ndi kubereka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; Chifukwa chake, poletsa njirazi, ma fungicides amatha kuwongolera bwino zomwe zimachitika komanso kufalikira kwa matenda.
3.4 Kulimbikitsa kudziletsa kwa zomera
Ma fungicides ena samangogwira mwachindunji ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso amapangitsa kuti chomeracho chisavutike ndi matenda. Mankhwala ophera fungal amenewa angapangitse zomera kutulutsa “zinthu zoteteza thupi ku matenda” zomwe zimalimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kutenga nawo gawo pa kagayidwe kachakudya kuti zipange zinthu zolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, motero zimawonjezera kukana kwa mbewu ku matenda.
Mapeto
Mankhwala a fungicide amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri paulimi wamakono poletsa ndi kupewa matenda a zomera m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fungicides ili ndi mawonekedwe awoawo malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ma conductive katundu ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazaulimi zosiyanasiyana. Kusankhidwa koyenera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera fungicides kumatha kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi mtundu wa mbewu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi ukuyenda bwino.
FAQ
FAQ 1: Kodi organic fungicide ndi chiyani?
Organic fungicides ndi ma fungicides opangidwa ndi organic compounds okhala ndi kaboni, omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zotsatira za bactericidal.
FAQ 2: Kodi mitundu yayikulu ya fungicides ndi iti?
Mitundu yayikulu yamankhwala a fungicides ndi monga ufa, ufa wonyowa, mafuta osungunuka, njira zamadzimadzi, ma granules, gels, fumigants, aerosols ndi fumigants.
FAQ 3: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa systemic fungicide ndi non-systemic fungicide?
Ma fungicides amatha kuyamwa ndi mbewu ndikufalikira ku chomera chonse, chomwe chimakhala ndi mphamvu yowongolera bwino; Non-sorbent fungicides amagwira ntchito pamalo ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo samasuntha muzomera.
FAQ 4: Kodi ma fungicides amakhudza bwanji metabolism yama cell?
Ma fungicides amalepheretsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda posokoneza kaphatikizidwe ka nucleic acid ndi mapuloteni, zomwe zimakhudza kupanga mphamvu, ndikuwononga ma cell.
Mafunso 5: Ubwino wotani wa mankhwala ophera fungal opangidwa ndi zomera ndi ati?
Mankhwala a botanical fungicides amapangidwa kuchokera ku zokolola za zomera ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kawopsedwe kochepa, sakonda zachilengedwe komanso sangavutike kukana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-01-2024
