1. Lingaliro la matenda a zomera
Matenda a chomera ndi chodabwitsa chomwe magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe a chomera amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndipo amawonetsa zolakwika mu physiology ndi mawonekedwe chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa kosalekeza kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena zovuta zachilengedwe, kulimba kwake kumaposa digiri yomwe mbewuyo imatha kupirira. Izi kupatuka kwa yachibadwa boma la zomera ndi zochitika za matenda. Zotsatira za matenda a zomera pazamoyo za zomera zimawonekera makamaka muzinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri izi:
Mayamwidwe ndi njira ya madzi ndi mchere: Matenda amatha kulepheretsa mizu ya zomera kuti isamwe madzi ndi mchere, zomwe zimakhudza kayendedwe kabwino ka madzi ndi zakudya.
Photosynthesis: Matenda amatha kusokoneza mphamvu ya photosynthetic ya masamba a zomera ndikuchepetsa kupanga zinthu za photosynthetic.
Kusamutsa zakudya ndi zoyendera: matenda amatha kusokoneza kusamutsa kwabwinobwino komanso kunyamula zakudya muzomera.
Kukula ndi kukula: matenda angalepheretse kukula bwino ndi kukula kwa zomera.
Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga zinthu (zokolola): matenda amatha kuchepetsa zokolola za zomera ndikusokoneza kubwerera kwachuma.
Digestion, hydrolysis ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu (zabwino): Matenda amatha kusokoneza ubwino wa zomera, kuzipangitsa kukhala zosafunikira pamsika.
Kupuma: Matenda atha kuwonjezera kupuma kwa mbewu ndikuwononga zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe.
2. Mitundu ya matenda a zomera
Pali mitundu yambiri ya matenda a zomera omwe ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za etiologic zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Matenda a zomera amatha kugawidwa m'magulu owononga komanso osasokoneza malinga ndi mtundu wa zomwe zimayambitsa.
Matenda opatsirana
Matenda opatsirana amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tomwe timatha kupatsirana ndi zomera ndi zomera, tizilombo, ndi tizilombo tina. Matenda otere ndi awa:
Matenda a fungal: matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha bowa, monga imvi nkhungu ya phwetekere. Matenda a fungal nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi necrosis, zowola, ndi mildew pamitengo ya zomera.
Matenda a bakiteriya: matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, monga matenda a mawanga a chivwende. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawanga amadzi, kuwola, komanso kutuluka kwa mafinya.
Nematode matenda: matenda obwera chifukwa cha nematodes, monga tomato root-knot nematode matenda. Matenda a nematode nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati zilonda pamizu, kumera kwa zomera, ndi zina zotero.
Matenda a virus: matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma virus, monga matenda a virus a tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Matenda a virus nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati maluwa amasamba, kutsika, etc.
Matenda a zomera za parasitic: matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zomera zowononga, monga matenda a dodder. Matenda a parasitic plant nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi chomera chomwe chimadzizungulira chozungulira chomeracho ndikuyamwa zakudya zake.
Matenda osapatsirana
Matenda osawononga amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe kapena zovuta ndi mmera womwewo. Matenda otere ndi awa:
Matenda obadwa nawo kapena okhudza thupi: matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha chibadwa cha mmera kapena chilema chobadwa nacho.
Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakuthupi: Matenda obwera chifukwa cha zinthu zakuthupi monga kutentha kwambiri kapena kutsika kwa mumlengalenga, mphepo, mvula, mphezi, matalala, ndi zina zotero.
Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za mankhwala: Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kapena kusakwanira kwa zinthu za feteleza, kuipitsa mlengalenga ndi nthaka yokhala ndi zinthu zapoizoni, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala.
Zolemba
Matenda opatsirana: matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga bowa, mabakiteriya, mavairasi, nematodes, zomera za parasitic, etc.), zomwe zimapatsirana.
Matenda osapatsirana: Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe kapena zovuta za mmerawo, zomwe sizimapatsirana.
3. Matenda a zomera
Pambuyo pa matenda a zomera, chinthu choyamba kuchita ndikuwunika molondola chomera chomwe chadwala, kuti apereke njira zoyenera zowongolera kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda a zomera.
Njira yodziwira matenda
Njira yodziwira matenda a zomera nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo:
Kuzindikira ndi kufotokozera zizindikiro za matenda a mmera: Yang'anani ndikulemba zizindikiro za matenda zomwe mmera ukuwonetsa.
Kufunsa za mbiri ya matenda ndikuwunikanso zolemba zoyenera: kuphunzira za mbiri ya matenda a mmera ndi chidziwitso chofunikira.
Sampuli ndi kufufuza (microscopy ndi dissection): Sonkhanitsani zitsanzo za zomera zomwe zili ndi matenda kuti mufufuze mozama ndi kuzigawa.
Chitani mayeso enieni: Yesani mayeso enieni, monga kusanthula mankhwala kapena kuyesa kwachilengedwe, ngati pakufunika.
Gwirani ziganizo pogwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa pang'onopang'ono: kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa pang'onopang'ono pochotsa.
Lamulo la Koch.
Kuzindikira matenda obwera ndi kuzindikirika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa potsatira Lamulo la Koch, lomwe lafotokozedwa pansipa:
Kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi chomera chodwala.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono titha kukhala tokha ndikuyeretsedwa pazokha kapena zopangira kuti tipeze chikhalidwe choyera.
Chikhalidwe choyera chimayikidwa pa chomera chathanzi chamtundu womwewo ndipo matenda omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zomwezo amawonekera.
Chikhalidwe choyera chimapezeka mwa kudzipatula ku chomera chodwala chomwe chili ndi mikhalidwe yofanana ndi inoculum.
Ngati njira yodziwikirayi ya masitepe anayi ikuchitika ndipo umboni wolimba umapezeka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingatsimikize kuti ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zolemba
Lamulo la Koch: njira zinayi zodziwira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Germany Koch, ankagwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Njira zowononga matenda
Kuwongolera matenda a zomera ndikusintha mgwirizano pakati pa zomera, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chilengedwe kudzera mu kulowererapo kwa anthu, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kufooketsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kufooketsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusunga ndi kusintha kukana kwa matenda a zomera, kukhathamiritsa chilengedwe, kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha kulamulira matenda.
Njira zowongolera bwino
Muulamuliro wophatikizika, tiyenera kutenga ulamuliro waulimi monga maziko, ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso momveka bwino miyeso ya phytosanitary, kugwiritsa ntchito kukana matenda, kuwongolera kwachilengedwe, kuwongolera thupi ndi kuwongolera mankhwala malinga ndi nthawi ndi malo, ndikuchiza tizirombo zingapo nthawi imodzi. . Izi zikuphatikizapo:
Phytosanitary: kupewa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mbewu, mbande, ndi zina.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kukana matenda: kusankha ndi kulimbikitsa mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda.
Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe: kugwiritsa ntchito adani achilengedwe kapena zamoyo zothandiza kuthana ndi matenda.
Kuwongolera mwakuthupi: kuwongolera matendawa ndi njira zakuthupi monga kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi.
Kuletsa mankhwala: kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mankhwala ophera tizilombo polimbana ndi matenda.
Kupyolera mu kugwiritsira ntchito mozama njira zodzitetezerazi, matendawa amatha kuyendetsedwa bwino, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zomera chifukwa cha miliri ya matenda.
Zolemba
Phytosanitary: Njira zopewera kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mbewu, mbande, ndi zina zambiri, pofuna kuteteza mbewu ndi chitetezo chaulimi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-28-2024
