Glyphosate, Paraquat, ndi Glufosinate-ammonium ndi mankhwala atatu akuluakulu a biocidal herbicides. Aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe ake ndi ubwino wake. Pafupifupi alimi onse atha kutchula ochepa mwa iwo, koma mwachidule ndi mwatsatanetsatane ndi chidule chake sichinali chosowa. Ndiwofunika kunena mwachidule ndipo ndi osavuta kuloweza.
Glyphosate
Glyphosate ndi organophosphorus-mtundu wa systemic conductive wide sipekitiramu, biocidal, low-poizoni herbicide. Imalepheretsa kwambiri enolacetyl shikimate phosphate synthase muzomera, motero imalepheretsa kutembenuka kwa shikidomin kukhala phenylalanine ndi tyrosine. Ndipo kutembenuka kwa tryptophan, komwe kumasokoneza kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ndikuyambitsa kufa kwa mbewu. Glyphosate ili ndi machitidwe amphamvu kwambiri. Sizingatengedwe kokha ndikufalikira kumadera apansi pansi kudzera mu tsinde ndi masamba, komanso zimatha kufalikira pakati pa ma tillers osiyanasiyana a chomera chimodzi. Umakhala ndi mphamvu yakupha kwambiri pamagulu apansi panthaka udzu wosasunthika wozika mizu ndipo umatha Kufikira kuya komwe makina wamba aulimi sangathe kufika. Akalowa m'nthaka, mankhwalawa amaphatikizana mwachangu ndi chitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi ayoni ena achitsulo ndikutaya ntchito. Zilibe zotsatira zoyipa pa mbewu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'nthaka ndipo ndizotetezeka kwa adani achilengedwe ndi zamoyo zopindulitsa.
Glyphosate ndiyoyenera kupalira m'minda yazipatso monga maapulo, mapeyala, ndi zipatso za citrus, komanso minda ya mabulosi, minda ya thonje, chimanga chosalima, mpunga wamba, minda ya mphira, minda, misewu, ndi zina zotero. chepetsani bwino udzu, udzu, udzu, ndi udzu wachaka ndi chaka. Kwa namsongole wina wosamva kudwala ku Liliaceae, Convolvulaceae ndi Leguminosae, kuchuluka kwa mlingo wokha ndi komwe kungathe kuyendetsedwa bwino.
Paraquat
Paraquat ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe amatha kuwononga kwambiri zomera zobiriwira. Masamba a udzu amayamba kuwonongeka ndi kusinthika pakatha maola 2-3 mutatha kuthira mankhwala. Mankhwalawa alibe systemic conduction effect ndipo amatha kuwononga malo ogwiritsira ntchito, koma sangathe kuwononga mizu ya zomera ndi mbewu zobisika m'nthaka. Choncho, namsongole amabadwanso pambuyo pa ntchito. Sitingalowetse khungwa locheperako. Kamodzi kukhudzana ndi nthaka, izo adzakhala adsorbed ndi passivated. Paraquat ndi yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha ubwino wake monga kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, kukana kukokoloka kwa mvula, ndi ntchito yokwera mtengo. Komabe, ndi poyizoni kwambiri ndipo ndi woopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi ziweto. Akakhala poizoni, palibe mankhwala enieni.
Glufosinate-ammonium
1. Ili ndi mankhwala opha udzu ambiri. Udzu wambiri umakhudzidwa ndi Glufosinate-ammonium. Udzu umenewu ndi monga: cowgrass, bluegrass, sedge, bermudagrass, barnyardgrass, ryegrass, bentgrass, rice sedge, Special-shaped sedge, crabgrass, licorice zakutchire, stinkweed zabodza, udzu wa chimanga, roughleaf flower grass, flying grass, wild amaranth, sedge, dzenje lotus udzu (revolutionary udzu), chickweed, yaing'ono ntchentche, apongozi, kavalo Amaranth, Brachiaria, Viola, munda bindweed, Polygonum, chikwama abusa, chicory, plantain, ranunculus, mpweya wa mwana, European Senecio, etc.
2. Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri. Glufosinate-ammonium imafuna kuti mvula isagwe kwa maola 6 mutatha kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuti igwire ntchito bwino. M'munda, chifukwa ukhoza kuonongeka ndi tizilombo ta m'nthaka, mizu yake singathe kuyamwa kapena kuyamwa pang'ono. Zimayambira ndi masamba Pambuyo pa chithandizo, masambawo amayamba kukhala ndi phytotoxicity, motero amalepheretsa kutulutsa kwa Glufosinate-ammonium mu phloem ndi xylem. Kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi chambiri, komanso kuwala kwamphamvu kumalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa Glufosinate-ammonium ndikuwonjezera ntchitoyo. Kuonjezera 5% (W/V) ammonium sulphate ku njira yothetsera kupopera kungalimbikitse kuyamwa kwa Glufosinate-ammonium ndikuthandizira bwino ntchito ya Glufosinate-ammonium pansi pa kutentha kochepa. Kukhudzika kwa zomera zingapo ku Glufosinate-ammonium kumagwirizana ndi kuyamwa kwawo kwa herbicides, kotero ammonium sulphate imakhala ndi mphamvu yolumikizana kwambiri pa namsongole wokhala ndi chidwi chochepa.
3. Kutetezedwa kwachilengedwe, Glufosinate-ammonium imawonongeka mwachangu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'nthaka, ndipo kutsika kwake m'nthaka zambiri sikudutsa 15 cm. Madzi omwe amapezeka m'nthaka amakhudza kutsekemera kwake ndi kuwonongeka kwake, ndipo pamapeto pake amatulutsa mpweya woipa. Palibe zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka pakukolola ndipo theka la moyo ndi masiku 3-7. Masiku 32 pambuyo pa chithandizo cha tsinde ndi masamba, pafupifupi 10% -20% ya mankhwala ndi zowonongeka zinakhalabe m'nthaka, ndipo pofika masiku 295, mlingo wotsalira unali pafupi ndi 0. Poganizira za chitetezo cha chilengedwe, moyo waufupi wa theka ndi kusayenda bwino mu nthaka. nthaka kupanga Glufosinate-ammonium komanso oyenera Kupalira nkhalango.
4. Chiyembekezo chachikulu. Popeza Glufosinate-ammonium ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya herbicides, imawonongeka mwachangu m'chilengedwe komanso imakhala ndi kawopsedwe wochepa ku zamoyo zomwe sizomwe timazifuna, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuigwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala osankha herbicide pambuyo pomera m'minda ya mbewu. Ukadaulo wa Bioengineering Izi zimapereka mwayi. Pakalipano, Glufosinate-ammonium ili pachiwiri kwa Glyphosate pa kafukufuku ndi kulimbikitsa mbewu zosagwirizana ndi mankhwala a herbicide. Pakalipano, mbewu za Glufosinate-ammonium zosagonjetsedwa ndi ma genetics zimaphatikizapo kugwiriridwa, chimanga, soya, thonje, beet shuga, mpunga, balere, Tirigu, rye, mbatata, mpunga, ndi zina zotero. Palibe kukayika kuti Glufosinate-ammonium ili ndi msika waukulu wamalonda. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, Glufosinate-ammonium imatha kuletsa ndikuwongolera matenda owopsa a mpunga ndikuchepetsa madera omwe amapanga. Imakhala ndi zochita zambiri polimbana ndi mafangasi omwe amayambitsa kuwononga kwa sheath, sclerotinia ndi pythium wilt, ndipo imatha kupewa ndikuchiza nthawi yomweyo. Udzu ndi matenda a fungal mu mbewu za Glufosinate-ammonium transgenic. Kupopera mulingo wamba wa Glufosinate-ammonium pa minda ya soya yolimbana ndi Glufosinate-ammonium kumapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya a soya a Pseudomonas infestans alepheretse kapena kuchedwetsa kukula kwa bakiteriya. Chifukwa Glufosinate-ammonium ili ndi mawonekedwe ochita zinthu kwambiri, kuyamwa bwino, kuchuluka kwa herbicidal sipekitiramu, kawopsedwe kakang'ono, komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe, ndi mankhwala enanso abwino kwambiri a herbicide pambuyo pa Glyphosate.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-26-2024
